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#GTA 8 IZLE DRIVERS#
In this environment, other forces, such as burial pressure/temperature increases act as drivers controlling the geofluid flow vectors (Koons & Craw, 1991 Sibson, 1992). Both fault slip and fault-related deformation locally affect the permeability structure of the upper crust, providing far-reaching pathways of enhanced permeability surrounding active faults that exponentially decreases as distance from the fault plane increases, and that can vary by two to three orders of magnitude during cyclic deformation (Evans et al., 1997 Faulkner & Armitage, 2013 Faulkner et al., 2010). The fault valve mechanism, proposed by Sibson ( 1992) has been cited as a method for transporting significant volumes of water through the brittle crust along structural discontinuities during episodes of fault activity. The crustal position of clay minerals in fault gouge, allows them to isotopically record the passage and/or presence of tectonic fluids as they mineralize, reducing friction along fault planes and promoting continued deformation.įaults are generally interpreted as conduits for geofluid flow. As with veins, isotopic studies of deformationally mediated clay minerals, have invariably identified meteoric or surface-sourced fluids (including meteorically derived basinal fluid) as a primary component of geofluids active during deformation (Boles et al., 2015 Fitz-Diaz et al., 2014, 2011 Haines et al., 2016 Lynch et al., 2019 Lynch & van der Pluijm, 2016). Clay mineral studies are a robust complement to vein studies, since clays contain both structural H and O in their crystal lattice making them favorable for combined isotopic study. Several studies have described the mixing of multiple crustal fluid sources in diverse crustal regimes and in numerous geographic locations (e.g. These studies have identified surface (meteoric and basinal) fluids as a main component of vein-forming fluids, though deeply sourced metamorphic and magmatic fluids were also considered (e.g.
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Until the past few decades, the study of ancient, orogenic, shallow-crustal fluids has relied primarily on veins and fluid inclusions. We further show that these faults incorporated both deeply sourced and surface-sourced fluids into zones of enhanced and dynamic permeability, heterogeneously distributing fluids along fault planes across the fold-thrust belt, promoting the growth of fault-zone weakening clay minerals. Our results confirm that thrust faults of the Alberta Rocky Mountains acted as major fluid-focusing conduits during orogenic activity. The interpreted prevalence of a surface fluid source in fault rocks is in agreement with regional isotopic trends previously observed in undated veins of fractured host rock. The range of O- and H-isotopic compositions reflects mixing of fluid sources, including the pervasive presence of surface-sourced fluids (up to ∼90%).
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Considering clay polytype stability and regional temperature conditions, we obtain a range of geofluid isotopic compositions during Jurassic-Eocene thrust faulting: δ 18O fluid ranged from ∼−3.3 to 9.2 ± 3.2‰ δD fluid ranged from −119 to −46 ± 13‰ VSMOW. As such, they provide a specific and local look into the nature of the Late Jurassic to Early Eocene orogenic plumbing system in the Alberta Rockies. These nearly 100% neomineralized gouges and their associated damage zones act as primary orogenic fluid pathways.
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Using previously dated samples, we measure the O- and H-isotopic compositions of fault gouge. Isotopic studies of Canadian Rocky Mountain thrust faults preserve the timing and identity of orogenic fluids and their fault zone pathways.